There are two types of components in Tridion: static and dynamic.
Both type of components can be published or unpublished from the 050 publication area, but will have different impacts based on component type. Below is a breakdown of what will happen when you publish or unpublish a component, based on its type.
Static components have to be inserted into a page, and then the page republished, in order for the content to show up. Examples of static components include (but aren't limited to) General Content, Code Block, Flex Spotlights, and Location.
Dynamic components are not inserted into pages. Instead, they are linked to associated List components (for example, a Document component must have an accompanying Document List component), and that List component is what is inserted into a page. Through linking the two component types, you can then publish dynamic components individually, without ever touching the page, and the page will update. Examples of dynamic components include (but aren't limited to) Articles, Documents, Legislation, and Courses.
Generally, publishing and unpublishing dynamic components is a safe thing to do and they are built to handle these publishing actions.